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| Orange New South Wales | |||||||||||||||
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.jpg) Byng Street | |||||||||||||||
  Orange | |||||||||||||||
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| Coordinates | 33°17′0″S 149°06′0″E / 33.28333°S 149.10000°E | ||||||||||||||
| Population | 41,920 (2021)[1] (38th) | ||||||||||||||
| Established | 1846 | ||||||||||||||
| Postcode(s) | 2800 | ||||||||||||||
| Elevation | 863.2 m (2,832 ft)[2] | ||||||||||||||
| Location | |||||||||||||||
| LGA(s) | City of Orange | ||||||||||||||
| Region | Central West | ||||||||||||||
| County | Wellington, Bathurst | ||||||||||||||
| State electorate(s) | Orange | ||||||||||||||
| Federal division(s) | Calare | ||||||||||||||
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Orange is a city in the Central Tablelands region of New South Wales, Australia. It is 254 km (158 mi) west of the state capital, Sydney ,[3] at an altitude of 862 metres (2,828 ft). Orange had an urban population of 41,920 [1] at the 2021 Census, making the city a significant regional centre. A significant nearby landmark is Mount Canobolas with a peak elevation of 1,395 m (4,577 ft) AHD and commanding views of the district. Orange is situated within the traditional lands of the Wiradjuri tribe.
Orange was the birthplace of poets Banjo Paterson and Kenneth Slessor, although Paterson lived in Orange for only a short time as an infant. Walter W. Stone, book publisher (Wentworth Books) and passionate supporter of Australian literature, was also born in Orange. The first Australian Touring Car Championship, known today as the Supercars Championship, was held at the Gnoo Blas Motor Racing Circuit in 1960.[4]
History
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The Orange region is the traditional land of the Wiradjuri people.[5] Known as the people of the three rivers, the Wiradjuri people have inhabited New South Wales for at least 60,000 years.[6]
In 1822 Captain Percy Simpson arrived in the Wellington District and established a convict settlement which was called "Blackman's Swamp" after James Blackman; Simpson had employed James Blackman as a guide because he had already accompanied an earlier explorer, John Oxley into that region.[7]
In the late 1820s, the surveyor J. B. Richards worked on a survey of the Macquarie River below Bathurst and also of the road to Wellington. On a plan dated 1829, he indicated a village reserve, in the parish of Orange. Sir Thomas Mitchell named the parish Orange, as he had been an associate of the Prince of Orange in the Peninsular War, when both were aides-de-camp to the Duke of Wellington, whose title was bestowed on the valley to the west by Oxley.[8]
Initial occupation by graziers began in late 1829, and tiny settlements eventually turned into larger towns as properties came into connection with the road. In 1844, the surveyor Davidson was sent to check on encroachments onto the land reserved for a village, and to advise on the location for a township. His choices were Frederick's Valley, Pretty Plains, or Blackman's Swamp.[citation needed]
Blackman's Swamp was chosen, and it was proclaimed a village and named Orange by Major Thomas Mitchell in 1846 in honour of Prince William of Orange. At nearby Ophir, a significant gold find in Australia was made in 1851, resulting in a sporadic population movement which is known as the Australian gold rush.[citation needed] Additional gold finds in nearby areas led to the establishment of Orange as a central trading centre for the gold.[citation needed]
The growth of Orange continued as the conditions were well suited for agriculture, and in 1860 it was proclaimed a municipality.[citation needed] The railway from Sydney reached Orange in 1877.[citation needed] In 1946, 100 years after it was first being established as a village, Orange was proclaimed as a minor city.
Orange was proposed as a site for Australia's national capital city, prior to the selection of Canberra. The new capital city would have adjoined the town of Orange, which would have been included in the surrounding federal territory.[9][10]
Population
According to the 2021 census of Population, there were 41,920 people in the Orange urban centre.
- Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 7.8% of the population.
- 83.7% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were England 1.6%, India 1.2%, New Zealand 1.0%, Philippines 0.7% and Nepal 0.6%.
- 87.1% of people only spoke English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Malayalam 0.7%, Nepali 0.6%, Mandarin 0.4%, and Tagalog 0.3%.
- The most common responses for religion were No Religion 32.6%, Catholic 26.3%, and Anglican 15.6%.
- Of the employed people in Orange, 7.1% worked in hospitals (except psychiatric hospitals). Other major industries of employment included gold ore mining 4.8%, other social assistance services 4.4%, state government administration 3.7%, and primary education 2.6%.[11]
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1921 | 7,398 | — |
| 1933 | 9,634 | +30.2% |
| 1947 | 13,780 | +43.0% |
| 1954 | 18,247 | +32.4% |
| 1961 | 18,977 | +4.0% |
| 1966 | 22,208 | +17.0% |
| 1971 | 24,185 | +8.9% |
| 1976 | 26,254 | +8.6% |
| 1981 | 27,626 | +5.2% |
| 1986 | 28,935 | +4.7% |
| 1991 | 29,635 | +2.4% |
| 1996 | 30,705 | +3.6% |
| 2001 | 31,923 | +4.0% |
| 2006 | 31,544 | −1.2% |
| 2011 | 34,992 | +10.9% |
| 2016 | 37,182 | +6.3% |
| 2021 | 40,127 | +7.9% |
| Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics data.[12][13] | ||
Geography and climate
Owing to its altitude, Orange has a temperate oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb), with warm summers (though with cool mornings) and cold, wet winters with frequent morning frosts. The city is relatively wet for an inland location owing to orographic effects from Mount Canobolas, especially during the cooler months when snow falls; Orange is the snowiest major city in Australia, but even so it is far from a regular occurrence on account of its northern latitude. Due to its windward position on the western side of the ranges, Orange experiences significantly wetter winters than the towns on the eastern part of the ranges, such as Lithgow and Katoomba.
Compared with most population centres in Australia it has colder winters, especially in terms of its daytime maximum temperatures, owing to its westerly exposure. In summer, the average (and absolute) maximum temperatures are also lower than in most inland centres, on account of its elevation.[14] Owing to its inland location, the humidity is low in the summer months with the afternoon dewpoint typically around 10 °C. The city features 99.8 clear days annually,[15] with the majority of sunshine in the summer months, in sharp contrast to Sydney which has higher sunshine hours in winter due to the foehn effect.[16]
The climate has enabled the area to be a major apple and pear producer, and a centre for cool-weather wine production.[17]
| Climate data for Orange Agricultural Institute (1976–2023); 922 m AMSL; 33.32° S, 149.08° E | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 37.3 (99.1) |
39.2 (102.6) |
33.3 (91.9) |
29.4 (84.9) |
21.6 (70.9) |
18.0 (64.4) |
16.5 (61.7) |
21.8 (71.2) |
25.7 (78.3) |
31.3 (88.3) |
36.0 (96.8) |
35.0 (95.0) |
39.2 (102.6) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 26.6 (79.9) |
25.7 (78.3) |
22.6 (72.7) |
18.4 (65.1) |
14.2 (57.6) |
10.5 (50.9) |
9.5 (49.1) |
11.0 (51.8) |
14.1 (57.4) |
17.6 (63.7) |
21.1 (70.0) |
24.3 (75.7) |
18.0 (64.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 13.4 (56.1) |
13.2 (55.8) |
10.7 (51.3) |
7.2 (45.0) |
4.6 (40.3) |
2.6 (36.7) |
1.5 (34.7) |
2.1 (35.8) |
4.2 (39.6) |
6.6 (43.9) |
9.2 (48.6) |
11.2 (52.2) |
7.2 (45.0) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 1.0 (33.8) |
2.8 (37.0) |
1.0 (33.8) |
−1.6 (29.1) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
−5.8 (21.6) |
−4.2 (24.4) |
−5.4 (22.3) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
−0.4 (31.3) |
0.5 (32.9) |
−5.8 (21.6) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 86.2 (3.39) |
74.7 (2.94) |
68.5 (2.70) |
54.4 (2.14) |
67.0 (2.64) |
73.5 (2.89) |
89.0 (3.50) |
94.9 (3.74) |
80.1 (3.15) |
79.2 (3.12) |
81.7 (3.22) |
79.0 (3.11) |
927.2 (36.50) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 8.3 | 7.3 | 7.8 | 7.4 | 10.4 | 13.1 | 14.7 | 13.5 | 10.8 | 9.4 | 9.8 | 8.1 | 120.6 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 300.7 | 257.1 | 251.1 | 225.0 | 182.9 | 147.0 | 161.2 | 201.5 | 225.0 | 266.6 | 270.0 | 300.7 | 2,788.8 |
| Source: [18] | |||||||||||||
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